Record-Breaking Heatwaves Driven by Climate Change
Heatwaves have shattered temperature records worldwide this year, with warnings issued across the US and dangerous heat gripping southern Europe. Scientists agree that climate change is the main driver of these extreme record-breaking heatwaves. While global warming is also linked to storms, flooding and droughts, its most direct and measurable impact is the rise in extreme temperatures.
Early and Intense Heatwaves Sweep Continents
In June, millions of Americans endured temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F). By early July, Europe experienced an “exceptional” heatwave, unusually early in the year, according to meteorologists. Central Asia also faced an intense March heatwave, with scientists from the World Weather Attribution group estimating climate change made it roughly 4°C hotter.
The burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas continues to release greenhouse gases, trapping heat in the atmosphere and pushing temperatures into what scientists call “uncharted territory”. About 90% of the excess heat has been absorbed by oceans, moderating the rise on land. However, ocean surface temperatures have now reached their highest levels ever recorded, raising fears that seas may be approaching the limits of their heat-absorbing capacity.
The Deadly Effects of Extreme Heat
Although hot summer days can be enjoyable for holidaymakers, extreme heat poses serious health risks. NASA data shows that extreme heat stress has doubled over the past 40 years. In humid conditions, when the “wet bulb” temperature exceeds 35°C (95°F), the human body can no longer cool itself effectively. Without rapid cooling measures, such as air conditioning or fans, this can be fatal.
Between June and July this year, around 2,300 people died of heat-related causes across 12 European cities. In 2022, European heatwaves may have claimed as many as 61,000 lives, according to health institutes. In 2021, the US state of Washington and neighbouring Canada suffered hundreds of deaths during an unprecedented heatwave.
Tackling the Rising Threat
Extreme heat can trigger further crises, including water shortages, wildfires, biodiversity loss and economic disruption as outdoor work becomes dangerous. Scientists stress the importance of raising awareness that heatwaves are growing deadlier. Some experts have proposed naming heatwaves to highlight their threat, though the United Nations’ World Meteorological Organization says this is challenging as heatwaves are less predictable than storms.
Ensuring people in affected areas have access to cooling is crucial. However, reliance on air conditioning increases electricity demand, risking blackouts and adding to emissions. Experts recommend low-carbon cooling options, such as wind and solar power. Adjusting work and school schedules to cooler hours, providing breaks and water for workers, and implementing simple cooling measures like painting roofs white could all help save lives.
with inputs from Reuters
